More details on the makeup of the upcoming Linux Mint 22.2 release have been revealed, including its new codename (for those who track those). Linux Mint 22.2—due to be released sometime in late July or early August—is named ‘Zara’, continuing distro leads Clem’s codename convention of using female names in (somewhat) alphabetical order. I say ‘somewhat’ as Linux Mint 22.1 release was dubbed ‘Xia‘, while Linux Mint 22.2 jumps straight to ‘Zara’. Even with my lackadaisical attention to letters, I know a ‘Y’ comes between ‘X’ and ‘Z’. One wonders what Yara, Yasmin, Yvette, Yvonne and Yelena did wrong. Perhaps […]

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Get early access to Ubuntu 25.10 'Questing Quokka' through official daily builds. Download, test and contribute to Ubuntu's development before its October release.

You're reading Ubuntu 25.10 Daily Builds Now Available to Download, a blog post from OMG! Ubuntu. Do not reproduce elsewhere without permission.

Raspberry Pi has reduced the price on all 4GB and 8GB Compute Module 4 boards by $5-10, making embedded projects more affordable to try out.

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by Nawaz Abbasi

The Linux boot process is a sequence of events that initializes a Linux system from a powered-off state to a fully operational state. The knowledge of Linux boot process is essential when it comes to technical interviews, but sometimes it becomes difficult to remember or recall the key steps in the process. This article discusses a quick and easy way to remember it - Best Geeks Know It! Yes, you only need to remember that.

Best Geeks Know It -> B – G – K – I -> BIOS – GRUB – KERNEL – INIT

This BGKI acronym provides a high-level overview of the Linux boot process. Each step builds upon the previous one, gradually bringing the system to a fully operational state. Of course, there are more detailed processes within each step, but this simplified version should give you a good foundation for understanding and remembering the Linux boot sequence.

 

Here's a concise expansion of B-G-K-I:

B - BIOS/UEFI

• Performs Power-On Self-Test (POST)
• Checks hardware: CPU, RAM, storage
• Loads MBR (Master Boot Record) or GPT (GUID Partition Table)
• Transfers control to bootloader

G - GRUB

• Located in first 512 bytes of boot drive
• Reads /boot/grub/grub.conf
• Shows menu with kernel options
• Loads selected kernel + initramfs (temporary root filesystem) into RAM
• Passes boot parameters to kernel
• Can handle multiple OS boot options

K - KERNEL

• Decompresses itself into RAM
• Initializes hardware and drivers
• Mounts root filesystem, loads initramfs
• Sets up memory management
• Starts device detection
• Creates kernel threads

I - INIT (systemd in modern systems)

• PID 1 (first process)
• Reads /etc/inittab (traditional) or unit files (systemd)
• Sets default runlevel/target
• Starts essential services in order:
  • System services
  • Network services
  • Display manager
  • User interface (CLI/GUI)
• Reaches default target state

 

Key files to remember

/boot/grub/grub.conf  - GRUB configuration

/etc/systemd/system/  - systemd unit files

/etc/inittab                  - Init configuration (traditional)

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Huawei has unwrapped its latest Linux notebook, the MateBook X Pro 2024 Linux Edition — alas, it’s only available in China. The Windows-free MateBook X Pro 2024 uses the same hardware as the Windows version, but clocks in at CN¥300 cheaper thank to a lack of Windows license fee and a government subsidy discounting tech that, from what I can gather, use a domestic OS. Chinese consumers can reportedly claim an extra discount of CN¥2000 on the purchase price as part of a national subsidy to promote usage of homegrown tech in general. With US sanctions in play, Microsoft is reportedly not […]

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Open source system cleaning app BleachBit has put out its first major update in more than a year, adding improved cleaning capabilities, security fixes, and stability buffs. For the benefit of those with dusty memories, BleachBit is a free, open source system cleaner for Windows and Linux, written in Python and GTK 3. Similar to other apps of its type, BleachBit helps free up disk space by cleaning out caches, cookies, and other transient cruft. It can also delete files securely, wipe unallocated disk space, and squeeze Firefox and Chrome’s SQLite databases to improve performance. BleachBit 5.0, released this week, expands its […]

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Google’s search deal with Mozilla is such a sizeable portion of its overall income that without it, Firefox would struggle to compete – or even survive, say Mozilla. It’s no secret that Google has paid Mozilla handsomely for its search engine to be set default in the Firefox web browser for decades. Mozilla’s financial report for 2023 revealed that the amount of money accrued from its “search deals” that year made up roughly three quarters of its entire income (specific amounts and from whom is confidential; it’s lumped together). While that figure is a bit less than it used to be, […]

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Linux system monitoring app Mission Center has put out its first update in 6 months – and it’s a big one! Mission Center 1.0 adds new hardware tracking, UI tweaks, and refactors its backend to provide palapble performance improvements, boost the app’s responsiveness and minimise ‘time deviations between refresh cycles’. The latter may sound a tad dry on the ‘excitement’ scale but, arguably, it’s a big thing: a real-time monitoring app is used for, well, real-time monitoring and those tweaks ensure hardware and system process info shown is more precise. For a closer lookout the “visible” changes in this release, […]

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If you use the Papirus icon theme on Ubuntu, you’ll be pleased to hear a new version is available to download. Frequent updates are a major reason why the Papirus icon set is so popular with Linux users. After all, it’s annoying to switch to a stylish icon set that doesn’t have icons for most of your apps, ruining the vibe. Not so with Papirus. It’s perpetually expanding its coverage through regular updates. Papirus’s second update this year adds 69 new icons—nice—and 18 updated ones. It also includes packaging and DE changes, and deprecates its ePapirus variants since elementaryOS 8 […]

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Canonical has announced the first official Ubuntu desktop image for the Qualcomm DragonWing platform. A beta image of Ubuntu 24.04 desktop compatible with Qualcomm Dragonwing QCS6490 and QCS5430 processors, and specifically tailored for the Qualcomm RB3 (Gen 2) Vision Kit and RB3 (Gen 2 Lite) Vision Kit is available for testing. Ubuntu 24.04 server images were previously available for the same model vision kits, so it’s the addition of desktop builds that is an interesting development. Canonical say marrying a full Ubuntu desktop experience married with “powerful AI acceleration with high-performance graphics” in the Dragonwing devices provides “a powerful development environment […]

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Development today opened on Ubuntu 25.10 “Questing Quokka”, the next short-term release of Ubuntu, due for release in October. Canonical engineer Utkarsh Gupta fired the figurative starting pistol for developers in a post to the Ubuntu mailing list, announcing the opening, and the enabling of auto-sync. “As usual, we expect a large influx of builds and autopkgtests in this initial period, which will cause delays. Please help fixing any breakage that occurs,” Gupta adds. It’s only been a couple of weeks since the Ubuntu 25.04 release, but the dedicated devs who spent 6 months diligently shaping that release don’t get much time […]

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by George Whittaker Introduction

In a world teeming with Linux distributions — from Ubuntu to Arch, Debian to Fedora — the idea of building your own may seem daunting, if not redundant. Yet, for many technologists, enthusiasts, and developers, creating a custom Linux distribution isn't just an exercise in reinvention; it's an act of empowerment. Whether your goal is to tailor a lightweight OS for embedded devices, create a secure workstation, develop an education-focused system, or simply understand Linux more intimately, building your own distribution is one of the most fulfilling journeys in open-source computing.

This guide walks you through every stage of creating your own Linux distribution — from selecting core components to building, customizing, and distributing your personalized operating system.

Understanding the Basics What is a Linux Distribution?

A Linux distribution (or "distro") is a complete operating system built on the Linux kernel. It includes:

• Kernel – The core interface between hardware and software.

• Init System – Handles booting and service management (e.g., systemd, OpenRC).

• Userland Tools – Basic utilities from projects like GNU Coreutils and BusyBox.

• Package Manager – Tool to install, upgrade, and remove software (e.g., APT, Pacman, DNF).

• Optional GUI – A desktop environment or window manager (e.g., GNOME, XFCE, i3).

Why Create Your Own Distribution?

Reasons vary, but common motivations include:

• Learning – Deepen your understanding of system internals.

• Performance – Remove bloat for a leaner, faster system.

• Branding – Create a branded OS for an organization or product.

• Customization – Tailor software stacks for specific use-cases.

• Embedded Applications – Create firmware or OS images for hardware devices.

Planning Your Custom Linux Distro Define Your Goals

Start by asking:

• Who is the target user?

• What hardware should it support?

• Will it be a desktop, server, or headless system?

• Should it boot live or be installed?

Choose a Foundation

You can either:

• Build from scratch: Using projects like Linux From Scratch (LFS).

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April saw a solid set of software updates land for an slew of popular Linux apps. In this post, I run through a number of recent releases that didn’t get the “full article” treatment on this blog. Sometimes it’s a challenge to cover everything I want to (especially in an Ubuntu release month, as April was), and some updates are rather minor and hard to say too much about. Also, covering updates relies on me knowing they’re out in a timely fashion. I track as much as I can, as best as I can. But it’s easy for things to […]

You're reading Linux App Release Roundup (April 2025), a blog post from OMG! Ubuntu. Do not reproduce elsewhere without permission.

Luna brings moon phases to your Ubuntu desktop with a simple GNOME Shell extension. Track current phase, illumination percentage, and upcoming changes right from your panel.

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by George Whittaker

Data loss is a nightmare for any computer user, and Linux users are no exception. Despite the robust architecture of Linux operating systems, disasters can strike in the form of accidental deletions, corrupted partitions, or failing storage devices. Whether you're a system administrator, developer, or everyday Linux user, understanding how to recover data can be the difference between a minor inconvenience and a major setback.

This guide will walk you through the practical strategies and essential tools for recovering lost or corrupted files on Linux.

Understanding Data Loss on Linux Common Causes of Data Loss

Data loss can occur for various reasons:

• Accidental Deletion: Files removed with rm or cleared trash.

• Filesystem Corruption: Caused by improper shutdowns, power failures, or software bugs.

• Partition Issues: Misconfigured or overwritten partition tables.

• Hardware Failures: Hard drive degradation, bad sectors, or failing SSDs.

How Deletion Works on Linux

Linux filesystems like ext4 don’t immediately erase data when a file is deleted. Instead, the filesystem marks the file's space as free. Until that space is overwritten, the data may be recoverable. This behavior is the cornerstone of most recovery techniques.

First Steps After Data Loss

The most critical step is to minimize system activity on the affected drive. Any write operation can potentially overwrite recoverable data.

Disconnect and Mount Read-Only

If the loss happened on a secondary drive, physically disconnect it and mount it read-only on another machine:

sudo mount -o ro /dev/sdX1 /mnt/recovery

Create a Disk Image

Use tools like dd or ddrescue to create a complete image of the drive for analysis:

sudo dd if=/dev/sdX of=/mnt/external/backup.img bs=4M status=progress

Or with ddrescue, which handles read errors more gracefully:

sudo ddrescue /dev/sdX /mnt/external/recovery.img /mnt/external/logfile

Work from the image to preserve the original drive.

Boot from a Live Environment

To avoid using the target system, boot into a Live Linux distribution like:

• SystemRescueCD – tailored for system repair.

• Ubuntu Live CD – user-friendly and widely available.

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At long last, Mozilla Firefox has GUI profile management features – obvious, easy to use and don’t require poking around the browser’s backend and creating custom shortcuts. The feature, which begins rolling out in today’s Firefox 138 update, is the latest “big ticket” feature the browser has belatedly sought to add, following recent long-requested supported for vertical tabs and tab grouping capabilities. Last month’s Firefox 137 release added the aforementioned tab grouping features, give its address bar a chip-laden overhaul, and flipped the switch on HEVC video playback on Linux. Firefox 138 has a number of notable changes to match those […]

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If you’re looking for an easy way to “scrobble” music on Linux, no matter which music player you use, check out a new app called Turntable — and even if you don’t scrobble you should! Before I go any further I should bring those unfamiliar with what a “scrobble” is, up to speed. “Scrobbling” is—no, not one of those old fashioned British words I’m fond of using—the term given to logging the music you listen to, as you listen to it, on services like Last.fm and Libre.fm. When you play a track in a media player connected to a compatible […]

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Of note, Ubuntu 24.04 developer images are now available for the new OrangePi RV2 RISC-V single-board computer (SBC). The news underscores Canonical’s on-going interest in the fledgling, open-source architecture. Last year, DeepComputing released Ubuntu-powered RISC-V tablet and laptop, and Ubuntu Server 25.04 was released last month with support for a myriad of RISC-V SBCs. “At Canonical, we believe that it’s important to do our part to help RISC-V succeed and gain acceptance as an open standard. Ubuntu’s availability on the OrangePi RV2 is a testament to the continued collaboration between [us] and the broader RISC-V community,” the company says. Adding […]

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System76 has just announced the 7th alpha release of its Rust-based COSMIC desktop environment. As with earlier alphas, the focus remains adding features and functionality earmarked for inclusion in the first stable release (dubbed Epoch 1). What should you expect from that first stable release? Promise. It makes me sound a bit of a party-popper to say that but it’s worth keeping expectations grounded. It’s unfair and unrealistic to expect the first sable release of COSMIC developed in just a couple of years to feature-match desktop environments developed over decades. Nor will COSMIC’s native core apps, capable though they are […]

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by George Whittaker Introduction

Email remains a cornerstone of modern communication. From business notifications to personal messages, having a robust and reliable mail server is essential. While cloud-based solutions dominate the mainstream, self-hosting a mail server offers control, customization, and learning opportunities that managed services can't match.

In this guide, we will explore how to set up a secure and efficient mail server using Dovecot on an Ubuntu Server. Dovecot is a lightweight and high-performance IMAP and POP3 server that provides secure access to mailboxes. When paired with Postfix, it forms a powerful mail server stack capable of sending and receiving messages seamlessly.

Whether you're a system administrator, a DevOps enthusiast, or simply curious about running your own mail infrastructure, this article provides a deep dive into configuring Dovecot on Ubuntu.

Prerequisites

Before we dive into configuration and deployment, ensure the following requirements are met:

• Ubuntu Server (20.04 or later recommended)

• Root or sudo access

• Static IP address assigned to your server

• Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) pointing to your server

• Proper DNS records:

  • A record pointing your domain to your server IP

  • MX record pointing to your mail server’s FQDN

  • Optional: SPF, DKIM, and DMARC for email authentication

You should also ensure that your system is up-to-date:

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

Understanding the Mail Server Stack

A modern mail server is composed of several components:

• Postfix: SMTP server responsible for sending and routing outgoing mail.

• Dovecot: Handles retrieval of mail via IMAP/POP3 and secure authentication.

• SpamAssassin / ClamAV: For filtering spam and malware.

• TLS/SSL: Provides encrypted communication channels.

Here's how they work together:

1. Postfix receives email from external sources.

2. It stores messages into local mailboxes.

3. Dovecot lets users access their mail securely using IMAP or POP3.

4. TLS/SSL encrypts the entire process, ensuring privacy.

Step 1: Installing Postfix and Dovecot Install Postfix

sudo apt install postfix -y

During installation, you will be prompted to choose a configuration. Select:

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